In the third study, there were no significant differences in spontaneous birth (P = 0.30) or vaginal
instrumental birth (P = 0.84) when the groups were compared.114 However, the cohort was too
small to draw conclusions. There were four caesarean sections in the placebo group and none in
the carbohydrate group, but no statistical calculations were made.
Arterial umbilical cord pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3 and base excess were similar in both groups, as
were venous umbilical cord results. However, no statistical data were presented.