Studies show the substantial economic cost incurred by Indonesia from air pollution. A 1994 study by the
World Bank estimated that the economic cost due to air pollution in Jakarta was IDR 500 billion from 1,200
premature deaths, 32 million respiratory problem cases, and 464,000 cases of asthma.35 A 2002 study in
Jakarta funded by the ADB estimated the economic cost due to PM10 pollution in Jakarta at IDR 1.7 trillion in
1998 and expected the cost to increase to around IDR 4.2 trillion in 2015 if no action is taken.36