early bureaucrats in ancient ancient modern modern Europe literally wore uniforms that paralleled and all, the servants of rulers traditionally wore indicated that the wearer was not free but the servant of another. Government administrators are still considered servants in this sense; they are public servants because they, too, have accepted obligations that mean they are not completely free. Indeed, until early in the twentieth century many otherwise civilian public officials in Europe-most notably diplomats-had prescribed uniforms. Both victorious soldiers and successful managers tend to be inordinately admired and dispropor tionately rewarded as risk takers. True, the specific risks and rewards are different, but the phenom enon is the same. They both may have to put their careers, and sometimes significant parts of their anatomy as well, "on the line" to obtain a goal for their state or organization. Notice again the military language for "the line" originally referred to the line of battle where they faced the enemy. This is why line officers today are still those who perform the services for wh the organization exists. This is the direct link between the Roman centurion and the fire chief, hospital director, or school principal. Life on the line is still a daily struggle It is possible to find most of the modern concepts of gement and leaders stated by one or another of the writers of the classical, medieval, and pre-modern world. However, our concern is not with this prehistory of modern management but with the academic discipline and occupational