5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have presented the measurement results
of energy usage by 400 popular websites in four countries.
We have found that Flash is widely deployed and that it increases
energy consumption in Korea and China. By proposing
a metric to rate the power consumption of websites, we
have shown how we can save energy by changing energyinefficient
websites to green ones. It is especially interesting
that only 10% of the 400 websites consume 72% of the total
energy and that 5.3% of Flash websites account for 27%
of total energy. When we change Flash sites of rate 4 or 5
in Korea, we could save 50% in energy consumption. On
average, 6.9% of the total energy consumption of the four
countries could be saved if we modified 3.3% rate 4 or 5
Flash websites to rate 1. From this analysis, we can see that
heavy usage of Flash with colorful multimedia effects tends
to waste a lot of energy. Our proposal to save energy is a simple
but effective, because it requires only simple web content
format rather than changes to software or hardware. Besides
Flash, we plan to analyze energy-inefficient non-Flash web
contents, which are popular in the US, in future work.