Offshore wind turbines were first proposed in Germany in 1930s and first installed in Sweden
in 1991 and in Denmark in 1992. By July 2010, there were 2.4 GW of offshore wind turbines
installed in Europe. Compared to onshore wind energy, offshore wind energy has
some appealing attributes such as higher wind speeds, availability of larger sites for development,
lower wind sheer and lower intrinsic turbulence intensity. But the drawbacks are
associated with harsh working conditions, high installation and maintenance costs. For offshore
operation, major components should be marinized with additional anti-corrosion
measures and de-humidification capacity [24]. In order to avoid unscheduled maintenance,
they should also be equipped with fault-ride-through capacity to improve their reliability.
Over the last three decades, wind turbines have significantly evolved as the global wind
market grows continuously and rapidly. By the end of 2009, the world capacity reached a
total of 160 GW [7]. In the global electricity market, wind energy penetration is projected to
rise from 1% in 2008 to 8% in 2035 [45]. This is achieved simply by developing larger wind
turbines and employing more in the wind farm. In terms of the size, large wind turbines of the MW order began to appear in the EU, the US and now in China and India. Typically, the
large installed wind turbines in utility grids are between 1.5-5MW whilst 7.5 and 10 MW are
under extensive development, as shown in Fig. 1. Nowadays, modern wind turbines are reliable,
quiet, cost-effective and commercially competitive while the wind turbine technologies
are proven and mature. At present, technical challenges are generally associated with
ever-growing wind turbine size, power transmission, energy storage, energy efficiency, system
stability and fault tolerance.
Offshore wind turbines were first proposed in Germany in 1930s and first installed in Sweden
in 1991 and in Denmark in 1992. By July 2010, there were 2.4 GW of offshore wind turbines
installed in Europe. Compared to onshore wind energy, offshore wind energy has
some appealing attributes such as higher wind speeds, availability of larger sites for development,
lower wind sheer and lower intrinsic turbulence intensity. But the drawbacks are
associated with harsh working conditions, high installation and maintenance costs. For offshore
operation, major components should be marinized with additional anti-corrosion
measures and de-humidification capacity [24]. In order to avoid unscheduled maintenance,
they should also be equipped with fault-ride-through capacity to improve their reliability.
Over the last three decades, wind turbines have significantly evolved as the global wind
market grows continuously and rapidly. By the end of 2009, the world capacity reached a
total of 160 GW [7]. In the global electricity market, wind energy penetration is projected to
rise from 1% in 2008 to 8% in 2035 [45]. This is achieved simply by developing larger wind
turbines and employing more in the wind farm. In terms of the size, large wind turbines of the MW order began to appear in the EU, the US and now in China and India. Typically, the
large installed wind turbines in utility grids are between 1.5-5MW whilst 7.5 and 10 MW are
under extensive development, as shown in Fig. 1. Nowadays, modern wind turbines are reliable,
quiet, cost-effective and commercially competitive while the wind turbine technologies
are proven and mature. At present, technical challenges are generally associated with
ever-growing wind turbine size, power transmission, energy storage, energy efficiency, system
stability and fault tolerance.
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