Consistent with Eagly et al. (1995), our criteria for including studies in the meta-analysis consisted of the following: (a) the
study compared male and female leaders, executives, managers, directors, supervisors, principals, or administrators; (b) participants were at least 18 years old; (c) the study assessed the effectiveness of at least five leaders of each sex; and (d) measures of leaders’ effectiveness included one of the following: performance or leadership ability; ratings of satisfaction with leaders or satisfaction with leaders’ performance; coding or counting of effective leadership behaviors; or measures of organizational productivity or group performance. Authors were contacted for more information if the appropriate data appeared to have been collected but were not reported in the paper.