Combined Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Larval Development of the Mangrove Crab Parasesarma catenata Ortman, 1897 (Brachyura: Sesarmidae)
REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH OF LITTORARIA (GASTROPODA: LITTORINIDAE) AT ANG SILA, THAILAND
Most tropical species of Littoraria release planktotrophic veligers but a few species brood embryos (Reid, 1986, 1999). Berry (1986) studied semilunar and lunar spawning periodicity in tropical littorinid gastropods. Littoraria strigata Echinolittorina vidua (Gould, 1859) (as Nodilittorina millegrana (Philippi, 1848) and E. trochoides (Gray, 1839)
(as N. pyramidalis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) spawned regularly in a Malaysian bay during March to June, but not from July to October. Echinolittorina vidua showed the least precise timing, spawning between two days before and seven days after the new or full moon and their associated spring tides. Spawning of E. trochoides was more strictly confined to spring tides with ~90% of eggs appearing between two days before and five days after the new or full moon.