1. Languages are learned mainly through imitation
Neither L1 nor L2 is learned mainly through imitation.
Learners produce many novel (original) utterances in addition to language they've heard before.
Even children learning their first language imitate selectively.
2. Parents usually correct young children when they make mistakes
Parents usually focus on correcting meaning, not form (grammar and pronunciation).
3. People with high IQs are good language learners
They may have an advantage in memorizing grammar rules and vocabulary, but not in learning to use language.
4. The most important factor in second language acquisition success is motivation
Motivation is important, but there are also many other factors.
Motivation increases success, but success also increases motivation.
5. The earlier a second language is introduced in school programs, the greater the likelihood of success in learning
It depends on the objectives of the program and the amount of time spent.
Starting earlier may lead to more native-like acquisition eventually (especially for pronunciation), but children who start later catch up quickly.
6. Most of the mistakes which second language learners make are due to interference from their first language
There are many causes of error; L1 interference is just one of them.
Learners with different L1s make the same errors when learning a particular L2.
7. Teachers should present grammatical rules one at a time, and learners should practice examples of each one before going on to another
Language learning is not linear in development, but involves integrating new rules into the existing system (i.e., "interlanguage").
Learners may use a rule correctly for a while, then begin using it incorrectly, and then relearn it.
8. Teachers should teach simple language structures before complex ones
No matter how language is presented, certain structures are acquired before others (i.e., there is a "natural order").
Teachers should provide "comprehensible input" that is understandable to learners, but also contains some new words and structures.
1. Languages are learned mainly through imitation
Neither L1 nor L2 is learned mainly through imitation.
Learners produce many novel (original) utterances in addition to language they've heard before.
Even children learning their first language imitate selectively.
2. Parents usually correct young children when they make mistakes
Parents usually focus on correcting meaning, not form (grammar and pronunciation).
3. People with high IQs are good language learners
They may have an advantage in memorizing grammar rules and vocabulary, but not in learning to use language.
4. The most important factor in second language acquisition success is motivation
Motivation is important, but there are also many other factors.
Motivation increases success, but success also increases motivation.
5. The earlier a second language is introduced in school programs, the greater the likelihood of success in learning
It depends on the objectives of the program and the amount of time spent.
Starting earlier may lead to more native-like acquisition eventually (especially for pronunciation), but children who start later catch up quickly.
6. Most of the mistakes which second language learners make are due to interference from their first language
There are many causes of error; L1 interference is just one of them.
Learners with different L1s make the same errors when learning a particular L2.
7. Teachers should present grammatical rules one at a time, and learners should practice examples of each one before going on to another
Language learning is not linear in development, but involves integrating new rules into the existing system (i.e., "interlanguage").
Learners may use a rule correctly for a while, then begin using it incorrectly, and then relearn it.
8. Teachers should teach simple language structures before complex ones
No matter how language is presented, certain structures are acquired before others (i.e., there is a "natural order").
Teachers should provide "comprehensible input" that is understandable to learners, but also contains some new words and structures.
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