Next, we will use both image and laboratory spectra to classify the AVIRIS data using the "Spectral Angle Mapper" (SAM). We will go through the endmember selection process for SAM, but will not actually run the algorithm. We will examine previously calculated classification results to answer specific questions about the strengths and weaknesses of the SAM classification.
The Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) is an automated method for comparing image spectra to individual spectra or a spectral library (Boardman, unpublished data; CSES, 1992; Kruse et al ., 1993a). SAM assumes that the data have been reduced to apparent reflectance (true reflectance multiplied by some unknown gain factor controlled by topography and shadows). The algorithm determines the similarity between two spectra by calculating the "spectral angle" between them, treating them as vectors in a space with dimensionality equal to the number of bands ( nb ). A simplified explanation of this can be given by considering a reference spectrum and an unknown spectrum from two-band data. The two different materials will be represented in the 2-D scatter plot by a point for each given illumination, or as a line (vector) for all possible illuminations
Because it uses only the "direction" of the spectra, and not their "length," the method is insensitive to the unknown gain factor, and all possible illuminations are treated equally. Poorly illuminated pixels will fall closer to the origin. The "color" of a material is defined by the direction of its unit vector. Notice that the angle between the vectors is the same regardless of the length. The length of the vector relates only to how fully the pixel is illuminated.
The SAM algorithm generalizes this geometric interpretation to nb -dimensional space. SAM determines the similarity of an unknown spectrum t to a reference spectrum r , by applying the following equation (CSES, 1992):
Next, we will use both image and laboratory spectra to classify the AVIRIS data using the "Spectral Angle Mapper" (SAM). We will go through the endmember selection process for SAM, but will not actually run the algorithm. We will examine previously calculated classification results to answer specific questions about the strengths and weaknesses of the SAM classification.The Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) is an automated method for comparing image spectra to individual spectra or a spectral library (Boardman, unpublished data; CSES, 1992; Kruse et al ., 1993a). SAM assumes that the data have been reduced to apparent reflectance (true reflectance multiplied by some unknown gain factor controlled by topography and shadows). The algorithm determines the similarity between two spectra by calculating the "spectral angle" between them, treating them as vectors in a space with dimensionality equal to the number of bands ( nb ). A simplified explanation of this can be given by considering a reference spectrum and an unknown spectrum from two-band data. The two different materials will be represented in the 2-D scatter plot by a point for each given illumination, or as a line (vector) for all possible illuminations Because it uses only the "direction" of the spectra, and not their "length," the method is insensitive to the unknown gain factor, and all possible illuminations are treated equally. Poorly illuminated pixels will fall closer to the origin. The "color" of a material is defined by the direction of its unit vector. Notice that the angle between the vectors is the same regardless of the length. The length of the vector relates only to how fully the pixel is illuminated.The SAM algorithm generalizes this geometric interpretation to nb -dimensional space. SAM determines the similarity of an unknown spectrum t to a reference spectrum r , by applying the following equation (CSES, 1992):
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