immature immune systems and developing lungs and
may be vulnerable to health effects of air pollution
exposure. Reducing exposure for these children is
important and, in the short term, may be best achieved
through behavioral interventions (e.g., keeping them
outside the kitchen and away from cooking).
Our results contribute to an ongoing discussion
about appropriate proxies for IAP exposure measurement
(Ezzati, 2005). We found some evidence that
kitchen PM concentrations could be used as a proxy
measure of personal exposure for adult women, but not
for school-aged children. This supports findings in
rural India (Balakrishnan et al., 2002), even though
our results report 24-h exposure and are thus not
limited to only short periods of intense exposure during
cooking (this is also reflected by our lower correlation
of r = 0.58 vs. r = 0.94 obtained from the rural India
study).
The poor relationship between self-reported cooking
frequency and PM exposure among women who cook
may be a consequence of random error in the selfreporting
of cooking frequency or that less frequent
cooks are still present during cooking. Differences in
activity patterns may also change the intensity of
exposure among women who fall into the same
category of cooking frequency (Ezzati et al., 2000).
Non-cooks had significantly lower exposure than
cooks; however, this categorization is of minimal use
for health studies in places like our study region where
the number of non-cooks is extremely small (5% of
enrolled women).
immature immune systems and developing lungs and
may be vulnerable to health effects of air pollution
exposure. Reducing exposure for these children is
important and, in the short term, may be best achieved
through behavioral interventions (e.g., keeping them
outside the kitchen and away from cooking).
Our results contribute to an ongoing discussion
about appropriate proxies for IAP exposure measurement
(Ezzati, 2005). We found some evidence that
kitchen PM concentrations could be used as a proxy
measure of personal exposure for adult women, but not
for school-aged children. This supports findings in
rural India (Balakrishnan et al., 2002), even though
our results report 24-h exposure and are thus not
limited to only short periods of intense exposure during
cooking (this is also reflected by our lower correlation
of r = 0.58 vs. r = 0.94 obtained from the rural India
study).
The poor relationship between self-reported cooking
frequency and PM exposure among women who cook
may be a consequence of random error in the selfreporting
of cooking frequency or that less frequent
cooks are still present during cooking. Differences in
activity patterns may also change the intensity of
exposure among women who fall into the same
category of cooking frequency (Ezzati et al., 2000).
Non-cooks had significantly lower exposure than
cooks; however, this categorization is of minimal use
for health studies in places like our study region where
the number of non-cooks is extremely small (5% of
enrolled women).
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