I selected the user committee with the highest and lowest representation of women for a more nuanced understanding of their participation. Due to the pattern of res- idential enclaves based on religion and caste (Table 3), the two groups were exclusively Hindu and Muslim in Indore and Gwalior respectively. The women on the user committee in Indore were of a relatively higher socioeconomic status than those in Gwalior. A household survey (n = 322) using stratified random sampling, with a section on women’s participation, complemented the qualitative data. The sampling frame included the nine slums that received the CMWSS. Households were selected from a list of applications with the objective of at least 100 household participants per city.