In 1982, Sleeman reviewed the state of the art in
computer aided instruction and first coined the term Intelligent
Tutoring Systems (ITS) to describe these evolving systems and
distinguish them from the previous CAI systems. The implicit
assumption about the learner now focused on learning-by-doing.
They classified the existing ITS as being computer-based (1)
problem-solving monitors, (2) coaches, (3) laboratory
instructors, and (4) consultants. (Sleeman & Brown, 1982) The
emphasis in these systems was still as research platforms for
refining AI theories, but now researchers were thinking about
representing student knowledge within these systems. Here we
find the first use of the term student model to describe an
abstract representation of the learner within the computer
program. They classified student models as