weighed daily, but were below 0.5%, on average. Therefore,
provision and intake were considered identical.
The chemical composition of the milk was reported
by the feed manufacturer (Table 2). Roughage refusals
were collected daily but only weighed weekly. Roughage
intake was calculated per pen per week. Roughage
samples were collected on a weekly basis. The samples
were pooled and analyzed by a private laboratory every
4 wk (Table 3).
Behavioral Observations. Calf behaviors (Table
4) were recorded by 4 observers. Direct observations
were done across 1 wk at 12 and 22 wk of study. The
observer sat on a high chair and observed 2 pens simultaneously.
Observations were done using instantaneous
scan sampling at a 2-min interval for 2 h: “a whole
group of subjects is rapidly scanned . . . at regular
intervals and the behavior of each individual at that
instant is recorded” (Martin and Bateson, 2001). Observations
were carried out during 3 periods: 0630 to
0830 h, 1100 to 1300 h, and 1530 to 1730 h.
Gastrointestinal Health Measurements. Cal