Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process
The phenomenon of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification has been described in full-scale continuous
process ([1]), rotating biological contactors ([14]), submerged biofilter of clinoptilolite in an upflow fixed
bed reactor ([6]) and bench-scale SBR system ([8]).
The explanations for SND can be divided into two categories, physical and biological in nature. According to
the physical explanation dissolved oxygen and other nutrients cannot reach the inner part of activated sludge
flocs, therefore anoxic and/or anaerobic zones can develop inside flocs or biofilms (microenvironment
theory)(Figure 1). Besides this mixing patterns can affect SND as well, anoxic and/or anaerobic zones may
develop within the bioreactor as a result of the mixing pattern caused, for example, by the oxygen transfer
device. This could be considered to as the bioreactor macro-environment (G. T. Daigger et al., 1999).
According to the biological explanation there are aerobic denitrifiers and anaerobic nitrifiers. Moreover,
nitrification under fully anaerobic conditions has been shown to be possible (Robertson et al., 1994) and
denitrification under aerobic conditions as well ([11]).
SND process is also effective in maintaining optimum pH level without the addition of external acid or base
source. During nitrification, oxidizing 1g NH3-N will consume 7.14 g (in CaCO3) alkalinity, whereas
reducing 1 g NO3 will produce 3.5 g alkalinity as a compensation for alkalinity loss in nitrification ([12]).
From previous studies, it was found that three principal factors - the carbon supply (readily biodegradable
substrate), oxygen concentration, floc size and density - significantly influence SND.
Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification processThe phenomenon of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification has been described in full-scale continuousprocess ([1]), rotating biological contactors ([14]), submerged biofilter of clinoptilolite in an upflow fixedbed reactor ([6]) and bench-scale SBR system ([8]).The explanations for SND can be divided into two categories, physical and biological in nature. According tothe physical explanation dissolved oxygen and other nutrients cannot reach the inner part of activated sludgeflocs, therefore anoxic and/or anaerobic zones can develop inside flocs or biofilms (microenvironmenttheory)(Figure 1). Besides this mixing patterns can affect SND as well, anoxic and/or anaerobic zones maydevelop within the bioreactor as a result of the mixing pattern caused, for example, by the oxygen transferdevice. This could be considered to as the bioreactor macro-environment (G. T. Daigger et al., 1999).According to the biological explanation there are aerobic denitrifiers and anaerobic nitrifiers. Moreover,nitrification under fully anaerobic conditions has been shown to be possible (Robertson et al., 1994) anddenitrification under aerobic conditions as well ([11]).SND process is also effective in maintaining optimum pH level without the addition of external acid or basesource. During nitrification, oxidizing 1g NH3-N will consume 7.14 g (in CaCO3) alkalinity, whereasreducing 1 g NO3 will produce 3.5 g alkalinity as a compensation for alkalinity loss in nitrification ([12]).From previous studies, it was found that three principal factors - the carbon supply (readily biodegradablesubstrate), oxygen concentration, floc size and density - significantly influence SND.
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