arithmetic test for each grade from 4 to 8, with some overlapping of items across grades (sample item at grades 6, 8 "A gentleman gave away 1/7 of the books in his library, lent 1/6 of the remainder, and sold 1/5 of what was left He then had 420 books remaining. How many had he at first?"). Rice supervised the administration of the tests to about 6,000 students arithmetic test for each grade from 4 to 8, with some overlapping of items across grades