The subjects for this study were recruited from a waiting list at Cesumar (Centro Universitário de Maringá), in the city of Maringá, State of Paraná, Brazil. To be included in this study, they had to be more than 18 years old and had to have been seeking treatment (after assessment by a doctor) for chronic low back pain, defined as pain localized below the scapulae and above the cleft of the buttocks, with or without leg pain, which they had had for more than three months. Their pain had to be nonspecific, meaning that no specific cause was detectable, such as infection,