-Adapting at the boundaries
-buffering-creating supplies of excess resources in case of unpredictable needs
-buffers created on both the input and output side of the business
-smoothing-leveling normal fluctuations at the boundaries of the organization
-Adapting at the core
-flexible processes-permit adaptation of the technical core
-mass customization-use of a network of independent operating units that each performs a specific process
-different modules join forces to deliver the product or service as specified by the customer