The groups claimed that McDonald's (MCD) had reported taxes of just €16 million on €3.7 billion of revenue over five years, attributed to a Luxembourg-based entity that employed just 13 people.
European regulators began a probe last year into whether Amazon (AMZN, Tech30) received illegal state aid from Luxembourg for over a decade, thanks to a preferential tax deal. A unit of Fiat (FCAU) is facing a similar investigation.