situation in which a tourism destination is confronted with sudden, unpredictable, catastrophic changes over which it has little control’ (Faulkner and Russell, 2000).
‘a situation requiring radical management action in response to events beyond the internal control of the organisation (destination), necessitating urgent adaptation of marketing and operational practices to restore the confidence of employees, associated enterprises and consumers in the viability of the destinations’. (Bierman, 2003)