Table 3.19 shows the types of impacts that should be part of community impact analysis. Guidelines for assessing the community impact of transportation facilities have identified several attributes of community character and structure that can be directly measured [Kaplan et al., 1972; Manheim et al., 1975; U.S. DOT, 1979a; Burdge, 1987; U.S. DOT, 1996]. More sophisticated and robust models and data bases developed over the past 15 years have provided planners with a strong foun dation for analyzing community impacts. For example, geographic information sys tems (GISs) can be a powerful tool for assessing the impacts of transportation investment on different population groups and on different geographic areas. It seems likely that a detailed assessment of social impacts and of the actions needed to mitigate negative effects will become an ever more important effort in the plan ning process in future years.