Abstract
Learning is defined as "an increase, through experience, of problem-solving ability," i.e., an increase, through experience, of ability to gain goals in spite of obstacles. Learning is further defined as an increase in the value of m/r in the formula[Equation omitted]where m represents the memories which aid in imaginal extension of experience toward the goal and other internal help; r is the resistance to the attainment of the goal within the organism, including impeding memories, habits, inferences, conflicting goals and activities; g is the goal; o represents the external obstacles to the attainment of the goal; e is the effort expended; and h represents helps toward goal attainment, such as cues and implements. When the ratio m/r increases learning is proportional to cue reduction (Hollingworth) if h is the only variable; learning is proportional to a change in ability to reach an objective in spite of novel obstacles (Koffka) if o is the only variable; learning is goal elaboration (Koffka) if g is the only variable; learning is effort reduction if e is the only variable. An analysis of the ratio m/r leads to the statement that all learning is equivalent to either an increase in m (elaboration) or a decrease in r (simplification). A critique of definitions of learning that include more than learning (according to the formula stated) and a defence of the inclusion of the goal or purpose in the formula conclude the study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)