Notes
1. Constructivism and behaviorism are learning theories, not pedagogies. They are general
explanatory models for how people learn, but they do not delve into specific delivery
mechanisms. For example, behaviorism has certain epistemological and ontological
assumptions about the world, behavior, and how people learn. In an academic context,
these assumptions often manifest themselves in a lecture-based pedagogy, even though
this is not a necessary part of the learning theory. It could just as easily be that there is some
other pedagogy, rather than a lecture-based one, that comports with the behaviorist model,
and so would be used in place of lectures. The Socratic method, however, is both a pedagogy
and a learning theory. It is a pedagogy in that it is a specific method of instruction, and
it is a learning theory due to its epistemological and ontological presuppositions