For example, Vymazal and Kröpfelová [2] summarized available data from
HF CWs in U.S., Czech Republic, Portugal, Spain and Portugal and found out that excavation costs
varied between 7 and 27.4% of the total capital cost, while gravel varied between 27 and 53%,
liner (13–33%), plants (2–12%), plumbing (6–12%), control structures (3.1–5.7%) and miscellaneous
(1.8–12%). The total investment costs vary even more, and the cost could be as low as 29 USD per m2
in India [100] or 33 USD per m2 in Costa Rica [101], or as high as 257 EUR per m2 in Belgium [102].
In general, the capital costs for subsurface flow constructed wetlands are about the same as for
conventional treatment systems.
For example, Vymazal and Kröpfelová [2] summarized available data fromHF CWs in U.S., Czech Republic, Portugal, Spain and Portugal and found out that excavation costsvaried between 7 and 27.4% of the total capital cost, while gravel varied between 27 and 53%,liner (13–33%), plants (2–12%), plumbing (6–12%), control structures (3.1–5.7%) and miscellaneous(1.8–12%). The total investment costs vary even more, and the cost could be as low as 29 USD per m2in India [100] or 33 USD per m2 in Costa Rica [101], or as high as 257 EUR per m2 in Belgium [102].In general, the capital costs for subsurface flow constructed wetlands are about the same as forconventional treatment systems.
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