These complexities remain, but they have been overtaken by new realities such that the very formulation of problems within the standard account is increasingly inade- quate. Perhaps the most significant of these developments has been the dislocation, plu- ralization, and redefinition of constituencies. The central feature of the standard account is that constituencies are defined by territory; individuals are represented insofar as they are inhabitants of a place (Rehfeld 2005). Begin- ning with the formation of the modern state, territorial residence became the fundamental condition for political representation—a condition more inclusive than status- and corporate-based representation. Indeed, territory has had an important historical relationship to political equality that carried over into modern times. In ancient Athens, Cleisthenes changed the condition for count- ing as an Athenian citizen from family and clan identity to demes or village residence (Hansen 1993). In this way, Cleisthenes transformed the bare fact of residence into a sufficient condition for equal power-sharing, and laid the basis for the modern conception of constituency.