4.4 Analog Data, Digital Signal
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Pulse code modulation relies on the following result.
Sampling Theorem. A signal can be reconstructed from a sample taken at
regular time intervals
a rate higher than twice the highest significant frequency
|| -|--
-|-- -- |--
-|||| |- -- -- | |
-- |||-- | ||||| -- | || -
| | -- -| | |||--| | -- -|
| | |-|--| | | | | - --|
| | | | | | | -|-- |
The conversion has three stages
analog |---------| PAM |----------| PCM ---------| bit
signal-| PAM -pulses||quantizer |-pulses|-encoder -stream
|-sampler--- |----------- ----------
Sampling of amplitude signals (PAM pulses)
Digitizing of the amplitude signals (PCM pulses)
Encoding of the stream of bits
------------------------------------------
111101------------------------------------------
101------------------------------------------
100-------------------------------------------
011------------------------------------------
000110------------------------------------------
000------------------------------------------
100 100 010 011 101 011 011 111 000 100
The quantization of the PAM pulse introduces quantization error, not allowing the recovery of the original pulse.
A reduction in the signal distortion can be obtained by adding bits. The quantizing noise satisfies S/N = 6n + 1.8 dB.
A reduction in the signal distortion can be obtained by nonuniform quantization which is finer at low amplitudes.
------------------------------------------
111------------------------------------------
110------------------------------------------
011-------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------
001------------------------------------------
000------------------------------------------
100 101 001 011 110 010 011 111 000 100
For voice signals, nonlinear encoding improved the PCM S/N ratio by 24-30 dB.
Performance
signal bandwidth no of samples per second bits per code rate in bits rate in Hz
voice 4 kHz 8000 7 8000 ื 7 = 56 kbps 28 kHz
color TV 4.6 MHz 10 92 Mbps
Digital techniques are getting popular due to
Use of repeaters, instead of amplifiers, implying no additive noise.
Use of time-division multiplexing, instead of frequency-division multiplexing, implying no intermodulation noise.
Availability of efficient digital switching techniques.
Development of more efficient coding techniques. For instance, taking into account that large portions remain unchanged between consecutive video frames.
Delta Modulation (DM)
The time and amplitude axes are quantized
||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||
||-|-||-||--|-||-||-||-||-||-||
||-|-||-|--|--||-||-||-||-||-||
sample ||-|-|-----||----||-||-||-||-||
amplitude ||-||---||-||-||--|--|--|--|---
||---||-||-||-||-|--|--|--|--||
---|-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||
-------------------------------
time
------------| -| -| -| --
| | || || || |
-------- -- -- --
A staircase function approximation is derived, going up when the approximation is below the signal and going down otherwise.
The output modulation signal represents upward stair by 1 and downward stair by 0.
The receiver may use smoothing algorithm when reconstructing the input signal.
Finer division on time slot provides better approximation with the cost of extra data.
Finer amplitude division reduces the quantizing noise for small slops. Coarser amplitude division reduces the slope-overload noise for high slops.
DM is easier than PCM to implement, but it exhibits worse signal to noise ratio for the same data rate.
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