Thus, the objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate maize yield variations in response to the transition from CT to NT and RT, and (2) explore the potential mechanism of different tillage effects on the maize yield based on a long-term trial (12 years) in black soil region of Northeast China. We hypothesized that: (1) compared with CT, NT and RT will maintain or enhance productivity, and will lead to more stable yield; (2) the contributions of tillage-involved factors to maize yield are different.