Hot Water Services
In many central hot and cold water services there are conditions conductive to Legionella
bacteria multiplying, especially where water stagnates or where water is circulated at temperatures between 20o and 45oC. Legionella found in such services may multiply anywhere within the system; i.e. before the heater, within the heater or near hot water outlets such as on top washers or in shower heads. Hydraulic shocks and vibration may dislodge biofilms on the walls of pipes and vessels and markedly increase the numbers of bacteria in the water.