In port projects, long-term uncertainties such as future demand, shipping traffic and
expected revenues are related to the market, which in turn, is influenced by wider
political and cultural forces at work, and are therefore difficult to predict. Future
technology too is difficult to forecast. If these are not taken into account during
planning, the resulting infrastructures may not be functional in a new or different
future. De Meyer et al. (2006): Already in 1987, Morris and Hugh (1987) concluded
that established project management methods are not enough to lead major projects to
success, and that many fail. In a study of 60 large engineering projects, Miller and
Lessard (2000) found that only 45% met most objectives, while 19% came in below
target (but without crises), 16% had to be restructured, and 20% were abandoned.
More generally, over 70% of projects in large organizations fail to meet their stated
objectives.