Powdery mildew (PM) is a fungal disease that damages many crops, including grapes. In California, wine, raisin, and table grapes contributed
over $3.9 billion to the value of farm production in 2011. Grape varieties with resistance to powdery mildew are currently being developed, using
either conventional or transgenic approaches, each of which has associated advantages and disadvantages. PM-resistant varieties of grapes could
yield large economic benefits to California grape growers—potentially allowing cost savings as high as $48 million per year in the subset of the
industry covered by our analysis (Crimson Seedless table grapes, all raisin grapes, and Central Coast Chardonnay wine grapes), but benefits range
widely across the different grape production systems.