Band-by-law model. In 1981, the Spallumcheen First Nation, the British Columbia, and the federal
governments signed an agreement legally acknowledging the right of the Spallumcheen Indian Band to
jurisdictional control over child welfare services to members of the Spallumcheen Nation (J. A.
Macdonald, 1985). As a result, it became the only First Nation in Canada to operate under a band-bylaw
model that frees it from provincial laws and standards (Union of British Columbia Chiefs, 2002).