Women were excluded for the following reasons: Urine samples were not available for 18 subcohort members, 17 women in the subcohort had preexisting diabetes mellitus, 1 subcohort member had missing GDM case status, 6 subcohort members and 4 GDM cases had renal disease, 27 noncases and 10 GDM cases had multiple
fetal births, 9 subcohort members delivered before 24 weeks gestation, and 8 women had Cd values suggestive of renal impairment (> 2 μg/g Cr)