The resulting 20 open-pollinated maize populations
and improved cycles from northern Spain and two
commercial checks were evaluated in two farmers’
fields in Galicia and in the Basque Country under
organic and conventional agriculture. Five organic
environments and five conventional environments
were used between 2010, 2011 and 2012 (Table 2).
The 22 genotypes were evaluated in trials that
followed an experimental design of randomized complete
blocks with three replications. The experimental
plots of 10 m2 had a density of 60,000 plants ha-1
,
with rows separated 0.8 m and plants within rows
0.21 m. Agricultural practices followed the recommendations
of organic agriculture, i.e. nutrients were
supplied by adding manure, weeds were removed
mechanically, and no chemical treatment was used.
Under conventional agriculture, current practices were
the usual in the area with inorganic fertilizers, use of
herbicide and no irrigation. On each plot we measured
early vigor (scale from 1 = weak to 9 = vigorous on
5-week old plants), plant appearance (the same scale
from 1 to 9 but after flowering), days to silking, ears
per plant, grain yield (Mg ha-1 at 140 g H2O kg-1
),
flour yield (Mg ha-1 calculated as described above for
the selection programs), grain moisture (g kg-1
),
100 grain weight, milling test (% of grinds), and grain
density (g ml-1
). Milling test was an estimation of the
resistance of grains to produce flour in a laboratory
mill; it was defined as the percentage of flour produced
The resulting 20 open-pollinated maize populationsand improved cycles from northern Spain and twocommercial checks were evaluated in two farmers’fields in Galicia and in the Basque Country underorganic and conventional agriculture. Five organicenvironments and five conventional environmentswere used between 2010, 2011 and 2012 (Table 2).The 22 genotypes were evaluated in trials thatfollowed an experimental design of randomized completeblocks with three replications. The experimentalplots of 10 m2 had a density of 60,000 plants ha-1,with rows separated 0.8 m and plants within rows0.21 m. Agricultural practices followed the recommendationsof organic agriculture, i.e. nutrients weresupplied by adding manure, weeds were removedmechanically, and no chemical treatment was used.Under conventional agriculture, current practices werethe usual in the area with inorganic fertilizers, use ofherbicide and no irrigation. On each plot we measuredearly vigor (scale from 1 = weak to 9 = vigorous on5-week old plants), plant appearance (the same scalefrom 1 to 9 but after flowering), days to silking, earsper plant, grain yield (Mg ha-1 at 140 g H2O kg-1),flour yield (Mg ha-1 calculated as described above forthe selection programs), grain moisture (g kg-1),100 grain weight, milling test (% of grinds), and graindensity (g ml-1). Milling test was an estimation of theresistance of grains to produce flour in a laboratoryโรงงาน ที่กำหนดเป็นเปอร์เซ็นต์ของแป้งที่ผลิต
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