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- The first is a move from the departmental to a more team-structured approach. This was seen in the concept of general purpose (GP) ratings as opposed to deck and engine-room ratings, although this approach has not been as widely accepted as might be expected.
- The second is the common training of ship's officers in navigational and engineering competencies up to the level of operational responsibility. This has been adopted by some countries (not including the UK) and might well be an increasing trend but it is not without its downside.