Quantification of the two contributions to fracture toughness
Ragozin et al. [28] had established a model correlating fracture toughness and tensile properties by considering the effect of crack tip plasticity on fracture toughness, as shown in Eq. (1).
equation(1)
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where View the MathML source is the specific work of uniform deformation and can be approximated by Eq. (2). E is Young's modulus and υ is Possion's ratio.
equation(2)
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where δu is the uniform elongation of the tensile specimen.
Eq. (1) had considered the intrinsic contribution (crack tip plasticity) to fracture toughness. However, the extrinsic contribution caused by crack path tortuosity was neglected. Based on the research by Jiang [29], the extrinsic contribution caused by crack path tortuosity can be considered by multiplying a magnification factor to Eq. (1), as shown in Eq. (3).
equation(3)
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where L(ε) and L0 are the irregular and straight-path lengths of the crack propagation, respectively. ε is the yardstick of the measurement. Eq. (3) can be transformed into Eq. (4), which is favorable to better understand the respective contribution of the intrinsic and extrinsic parts to fracture toughness.
equation(4)
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In order to get the extrinsic contribution of the fracture toughness, the values of View the MathML source in Eq. (4) should be evaluated firstly for the three microstructures. To ensure the calculation precision of View the MathML source, the crack propagation paths for the three microstructures at side face were extracted using a professional graphic processing software named image pro plus 6.0 (IPP 6.0). The detailed procedure is as follows: Firstly, the photographs of the crack propagation paths should be converted into black-and-white image; secondly, the “Erode” and “Dilate” operation are conducted to eliminate the “noise”, where “Erode” means erasing the white zone and “Dilate” means expanding the white zone; finally, the crack propagation paths can be extracted, as shown in Fig. 6. After the preparation of the crack propagation paths, the divider method [30] was used to calculate View the MathML source. The divider method has long been used to determine the length of cartographic lines [31]. Its basic implementation is to “walk” the yardstick (ε) along the line and record the number of steps required to cover the line [32]. Multiplying the yardstick by the number of steps, the line length can be finally calculated. However, the measured line length varies with the chosen yardstick. The smaller yardstick is, the more accurate the measured line length is. In the present paper, a yardstick of 10 μm was chosen for measuring the length of the irregular crack propagation path. To ensure the statistical precision, five views (200 μm×200 μm) of the crack propagation path for each microstructure were used, and the average values of View the MathML source are shown in Table 4.
Quantification of the two contributions to fracture toughnessRagozin et al. [28] had established a model correlating fracture toughness and tensile properties by considering the effect of crack tip plasticity on fracture toughness, as shown in Eq. (1).equation(1)View the MathML sourceTurn MathJax onwhere View the MathML source is the specific work of uniform deformation and can be approximated by Eq. (2). E is Young's modulus and υ is Possion's ratio.equation(2)View the MathML sourceTurn MathJax onwhere δu is the uniform elongation of the tensile specimen.Eq. (1) had considered the intrinsic contribution (crack tip plasticity) to fracture toughness. However, the extrinsic contribution caused by crack path tortuosity was neglected. Based on the research by Jiang [29], the extrinsic contribution caused by crack path tortuosity can be considered by multiplying a magnification factor to Eq. (1), as shown in Eq. (3).equation(3)View the MathML sourceTurn MathJax onwhere L(ε) and L0 are the irregular and straight-path lengths of the crack propagation, respectively. ε is the yardstick of the measurement. Eq. (3) can be transformed into Eq. (4), which is favorable to better understand the respective contribution of the intrinsic and extrinsic parts to fracture toughness.equation(4)View the MathML sourceTurn MathJax onIn order to get the extrinsic contribution of the fracture toughness, the values of View the MathML source in Eq. (4) should be evaluated firstly for the three microstructures. To ensure the calculation precision of View the MathML source, the crack propagation paths for the three microstructures at side face were extracted using a professional graphic processing software named image pro plus 6.0 (IPP 6.0). The detailed procedure is as follows: Firstly, the photographs of the crack propagation paths should be converted into black-and-white image; secondly, the “Erode” and “Dilate” operation are conducted to eliminate the “noise”, where “Erode” means erasing the white zone and “Dilate” means expanding the white zone; finally, the crack propagation paths can be extracted, as shown in Fig. 6. After the preparation of the crack propagation paths, the divider method [30] was used to calculate View the MathML source. The divider method has long been used to determine the length of cartographic lines [31]. Its basic implementation is to “walk” the yardstick (ε) along the line and record the number of steps required to cover the line [32]. Multiplying the yardstick by the number of steps, the line length can be finally calculated. However, the measured line length varies with the chosen yardstick. The smaller yardstick is, the more accurate the measured line length is. In the present paper, a yardstick of 10 μm was chosen for measuring the length of the irregular crack propagation path. To ensure the statistical precision, five views (200 μm×200 μm) of the crack propagation path for each microstructure were used, and the average values of View the MathML source are shown in Table 4.
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