Interventions
Since some ambiguity existed regarding classifying interventions as a conventional AA or other TSF programme we defined the interventions as they are reported by study authors. Three studies (Davis 2002; McCrady 1996; Walsh 1991) considered AA in association with other treatments, and in one study compulsory attendance at AA meetings was studied.
Three studies (Brown 2002; MATCH 1998; Zemore 2004) considered 12-step facilitation (TSF). Two studies compared TSF with Motivational Enhancement Therapy and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (MATCH 1998) and Relapse Prevention Therapy (Brown 2002); and one study investigated the relationship between helping others and being involved in TSF (Zemore 2004). One study (Kahler 2004) consider motivational enhancement to encourage people to attend 12-step facilitation.