In these studies, all the WSNs were developed based on a
simple topology; multi-hop network and node energy consumption
were not considered. Clustering is an efficient technique
to reduce the energy consumption of a multi-hop
network (Abbasi et al., 2007). Many different methods are
proposed to design the cluster-based WSN (Heinzelman
et al., 2000; Karaboga et al., 2012; Kumar et al., 2009; Thein
et al., 2010). However, those protocols cannot guarantee that
the desired number of cluster heads is determined and the
cluster heads are not uniformly deployed across the network