conceptions of planned change have tended to focus on how change can be implement in organizations. Called theories of changing these framworks describe the activities that must take place to initiate and carry out successful organizational change. in this section, we describe and compare three theories of changing. these framworks have received widespread attention in OD and serve as primary basis for a general model of planned change. we then present a general model of planned change thai integrates these approaches and organizes the material in this book. following that model, we describe different types of planned change. we summarize several criticisms of the planned change model.