No doubt because of the absence of formal authorization in most cases, the work relevant to these new forms of representation has focused primarily on accountability (Ebrahim 2003, Kuper 2004, Held & Koenig-Archibugi 2005, Castiglione 2006). There are several potential mechanisms of accountability. When membership-based voluntary organizations claim to represent their members, for example, members can either lend their names to the organization, or they can exit, producing market-like accountability (Goodin 2003). Groups without power may go public, gaining influence precisely because they can justify their representations (Warren 2001, ch. 4). A group may be held to account indirectly through “horizontal” policing by other groups, by boards, or by the media, often through comparisons between the group’s representative claims (e.g., in its mission statement) and its actions (Grant & Keohane 2005). Devices such as performance indicators, audits, and surveys can add elements of accountability.