Turmeric of commerce is the dried rhizome of the plant Curcuma domestica Val. syn. C. longa L. This chapter presents the history, origin, botany, classification, biotechnology, production and post-harvest processing of turmeric in addition to its chemical composition, cultivation and the novel approach of gene mining. Value-added products and quality aspects as well as adulteration are also covered. The chapter finishes by looking at the uses of turmeric in the food industry and its functional properties in relation to medical uses, both traditional and modern.