The applications of cryogenic systems have expanded over the past 50 years into many areas of our lives. During this time, the
impact of the common features of Cryogenic Fluid Dynamics, CryoFD, on the economic design of these cryogenic systems, has
grown out of a long series of experimental studies carried out by teams of postgraduate students at Southampton University.
These studies have sought to understand the heat transfer and convective behavior of cryogenic liquids and vapors, but they have
only skimmed over the many findings made, on the strong convective motions of fluids at low temperatures. The convection
takes place in temperature gradients up to 10,000 K per meter, and density gradients of 1000% per meter and more, with rapid
temperature and spatially dependent changes in physical properties like viscosity and surface tension, making software
development and empirical correlations almost impossible to achieve. These temperature and density gradients are far larger than
those met in other convecting systems at ambient temperatures, and there is little similarity. The paper will discuss the likely
impact of CryoFD on future cryogenic systems, and hopefully inspire further research to support and expand the use of existing
findings, and to improve the economy of present-day systems even more effectively. Particular examples to be mentioned include
the following. Doubling the cooling power of cryo-coolers by a simple use of CryoFD. Reducing the boil-off rate of liquid
helium stored at the South Pole, such that liquid helium availability is now all-the-year-round. Helping to develop the 15 kA