Some of the same processes linking memory and refuge are found in Malkki's discussion of Hutu refugees from Burundi who now live in exile in Tanzania. She shows how two very different strategies of place making are employed by refugees living in two different contexts. Those living in refugee camps continued to see their displacement as a temporary condition, longing for a return to the "homeland" conceived as a moral as well as a geographical location. In contrast, those who lived in the town had made a new home in Kigoma and no longer saw themselves as a "community in exile." Memory and history played very different roles for these two groups. For the dwellers of the refugee camp, the "homeland" as a location was tied to their identity as a community of displaced people, a nation in exile; for the town dwellers, Burundi was a geographical location but not one that organized their sense of community in Tanzania. Where the camp refugees countered the "sedentarist metaphysics" that dominates Western scholarship with a nationalist metaphysics of their own, locating "the real homeland" in the moral trajectory of a displaced nation, the town refugees subverted "rooting" assumptions even more profoundly by cannily evading or manipulating every national, ethnic, or religious identity that might presume to capture them.