C. Main Loop
Initially, a random parent population is created. The pop-
ulation is sorted based on the nondomination. Each solution is
assigned a fitness (or rank) equal to its nondomination level (1
is the best level, 2 is the next-best level, and so on). Thus, mini-
mization of fitness is assumed. At first, the usual binary tourna-
ment selection, recombination, and mutation operators are used
to create a offspring population of size . Since elitism
C. Main Loop
Initially, a random parent population is created. The pop-
ulation is sorted based on the nondomination. Each solution is
assigned a fitness (or rank) equal to its nondomination level (1
is the best level, 2 is the next-best level, and so on). Thus, mini-
mization of fitness is assumed. At first, the usual binary tourna-
ment selection, recombination, and mutation operators are used
to create a offspring population of size . Since elitism
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