accounting rules which are mandatory, detailed, and uniform, rather than accounting
standards which could much more embody flexibility and accounting professionalism, that
situation leads to two phenomena that Chinese GAAP incorporates a chart of accounts and
detailed bookkeeping rules and that accounting standards are not necessary to be stipulated
in the Accounting Law (for they are not important); and in accounting measurement,
government deems that, in comparison with fair value, historical cost could more clearly
signifies conservatism