12.3 Pneumatic Signal Conditioning
Pneumatic signals as well as electrical signals can be used to control actuators.
The bourdon tube, capsule, or bellows convert pressure into mechanical motion
which can be used for pneumatic control. Figure 12.4a shows a pneumatic signal
conditioner. Air from a 20-psi regulated supply is fed through a constriction to
a nozzle and flapper that controls the pressure output. The flapper is mechanically
linked to a bellows. When the variable is at its minimum, the linkage opens
the flapper, allowing air to be released. The output pressure to the actuator
would then be at its minimum, i.e., 3 psi. As the variable increases, the linkage
to the flapper causes it to close and the output pressure increases to 15 psi. This
gives a linear output pressure range from 3 to 15 psi (20 to 100 kPa) with linear
sensor motion and the pressure variations can be used for actuator control. The
set zero adjusts the flapper’s position and the nozzle can be moved up and down to give a gain or span control. In some cases the mechanical linkage is reversed
so that when the variable is a maximum, the output pressure is 3 psi and 15 psi
for the minimum. Figure 12.4b shows the relation between the gap distance and
the output pressure. The relationship is linear from 3 to 15 psi. Using 3 psi as
a minimum gives an additional advantage in that 0 psi indicates a fault condition.
Newer systems will use electrical signals in preference to pneumatic signals,
as no pressure line, regulator, or compressor is required. Pneumatic control
is not compatible with microcontrollers.
12.3 Pneumatic Signal ConditioningPneumatic signals as well as electrical signals can be used to control actuators.The bourdon tube, capsule, or bellows convert pressure into mechanical motionwhich can be used for pneumatic control. Figure 12.4a shows a pneumatic signalconditioner. Air from a 20-psi regulated supply is fed through a constriction toa nozzle and flapper that controls the pressure output. The flapper is mechanicallylinked to a bellows. When the variable is at its minimum, the linkage opensthe flapper, allowing air to be released. The output pressure to the actuatorwould then be at its minimum, i.e., 3 psi. As the variable increases, the linkageto the flapper causes it to close and the output pressure increases to 15 psi. Thisgives a linear output pressure range from 3 to 15 psi (20 to 100 kPa) with linearsensor motion and the pressure variations can be used for actuator control. Theset zero adjusts the flapper’s position and the nozzle can be moved up and down to give a gain or span control. In some cases the mechanical linkage is reversedso that when the variable is a maximum, the output pressure is 3 psi and 15 psifor the minimum. Figure 12.4b shows the relation between the gap distance andthe output pressure. The relationship is linear from 3 to 15 psi. Using 3 psi asa minimum gives an additional advantage in that 0 psi indicates a fault condition.Newer systems will use electrical signals in preference to pneumatic signals,as no pressure line, regulator, or compressor is required. Pneumatic controlis not compatible with microcontrollers.
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