Logical data independence
• the capacity to change the conceptual schema without
having to change external schemas or application
programs. We may change the conceptual schema to
expand the database (by adding a record type or data
item), to change constraints, or to reduce the database
(by removing a record type or data item).
– Physical data independence
• the capacity to change the internal schema without
having to change the conceptual schema. Hence, the
external schemas need not be changed as well.