RESULTS
Validation of measurements
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is conducted on the seven (i.e., including the four latent control variables) latent factors, with each indicator specified to load on its hypothesized latent factor. Initially, the measurement model is tested for metric invariance by constraining factor loadings across the two subgroups. The results (Δχ2 = 25.12, Δd.f. = 17,p = 0.09) suggest that the factor loadings are the same across subgroups because no significant change in model fit is detected. A CFA (Gerbing and Anderson, 1988) using the pooled sample of respondents is next conducted (Table 1).