This ideal of the civic public … excludes women and other groups defined as different, because its rational and universal status derives only from its opposition to affectivity, particularity, and the body.… [I]n so far as he is a citizen every man leaves behind his particularity and difference, to adopt a universal standpoint identical for all citizens, the standpoint of the common good or general will. In practice republican politicians enforced homogeneity by excluding from citizenship all those defined as different… .