Introduction
Measurement of circulating concentrations of B-type natriuretic peptide or N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitivity troponin assays improve the prediction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in general populations (1–3). Recent data from the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) trial of intensive glucose control and blood pressure lowering also show that NT-proBNP and high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT) improve CVD risk prediction in those with type 2 diabetes (4). Microvascular diseases also cause significant morbidity in patients with diabetes; for instance, diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (5). Clinical risk scores to predict the microvascular complications of diabetes are not in routine use but may be valuable to help clinicians determine which patients are at highest risk and to aid trial design.
Clearly, there is some interrelationship between increased microvascular and macrovascular risk (6).Therefore, putative microvascular risk scores might be expected to contain some macrovascular risk factors, as has been recently demonstrated (7). However, the mechanisms underlying elevation in risk of both microvascular and macrovascular risk are not clear. Microvascular disease in the myocardium might be a major cause of cardiac morbidity among people with type 2 diabetes (8,9), and such subtle changes in cardiac function (e.g., arising from subclinical ischemia) might often precede frank clinically detectable peripheral microvascular disease. Indeed, elevated natriuretic peptides in acute coronary syndromes may be correlated with abnormal perfusion in patients undergoing angioplasty (10). Further, cross-sectional data in people with diabetes suggest a positive association among cardiac biomarkers, cardiac function, and “peripheral” microvascular disease (11). Finally, prospective data from ADVANCE have recently demonstrated that an elevated resting heart rate (potentially an early marker of cardiac overload) is strongly associated with increased risk of nephropathy and retinopathy (12), and data from Zwolle Outpatient Diabetes project Integrating Available Care (ZODIAC)-33 show that copeptin elevation predicts albuminuria (13). Thus, early changes in cardiac biomarkers may precede presentation with frank microvascular disease and yield prognostic information that enables intensive interventions to be targeted to those at greatest risk. Developing a clearer understanding of any relationship between cardiac function/metabolism and microvascular end points is important both from an aetiological perspective and potentially to develop risk scores to guide clinical management. We thus aimed to 1) investigate the association between biomarkers of cardiac stress and incident microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and 2) investigate the incremental ability of cardiac biomarkers to predict microvascular events.
แนะนำการวัดความเข้มข้นของเปปไทด์ natriuretic ชนิด B หรือ N-เทอร์มินัลชนิด pro – B natriuretic เปปไทด์ (NT-proBNP) และความไวสูงนิยม assays หมุนเวียนปรับปรุงการคาดการณ์ของโรคหลอดเลือดหัวใจ (CVD) ในประชากรทั่วไป (1-3) ข้อมูลล่าสุดจากการดำเนินการในโรคเบาหวานและโรคหลอดเลือด: Preterax และ Diamicron แก้ไขรุ่นควบคุมการประเมินผล (ล่วงหน้า) ทดลองควบคุมกลูโคสเข้มข้นและความดันโลหิตลดแสดงว่า NT proBNP และความไวสูง troponin T (hsTnT) ปรับปรุงการคาดการณ์ความเสี่ยง CVD ในผู้ป่วยเบาหวานชนิดที่ 2 (4) Microvascular โรคทำให้เกิดการเจ็บป่วยที่สำคัญในผู้ป่วยโรคเบาหวาน เช่น โรคเบาหวานโรคไตเป็นสาเหตุของโรคไตระยะสุดท้าย (5) คะแนนความเสี่ยงทางคลินิกในการคาดการณ์ภาวะแทรกซ้อน microvascular ของโรคเบาหวานนั้นใช้เป็นประจำ แต่อาจมีคุณค่า เพื่อช่วยแพทย์ในการตรวจสอบผู้ป่วยซึ่งมีความเสี่ยงสูงสุด และช่วยออกแบบการทดลองClearly, there is some interrelationship between increased microvascular and macrovascular risk (6).Therefore, putative microvascular risk scores might be expected to contain some macrovascular risk factors, as has been recently demonstrated (7). However, the mechanisms underlying elevation in risk of both microvascular and macrovascular risk are not clear. Microvascular disease in the myocardium might be a major cause of cardiac morbidity among people with type 2 diabetes (8,9), and such subtle changes in cardiac function (e.g., arising from subclinical ischemia) might often precede frank clinically detectable peripheral microvascular disease. Indeed, elevated natriuretic peptides in acute coronary syndromes may be correlated with abnormal perfusion in patients undergoing angioplasty (10). Further, cross-sectional data in people with diabetes suggest a positive association among cardiac biomarkers, cardiac function, and “peripheral” microvascular disease (11). Finally, prospective data from ADVANCE have recently demonstrated that an elevated resting heart rate (potentially an early marker of cardiac overload) is strongly associated with increased risk of nephropathy and retinopathy (12), and data from Zwolle Outpatient Diabetes project Integrating Available Care (ZODIAC)-33 show that copeptin elevation predicts albuminuria (13). Thus, early changes in cardiac biomarkers may precede presentation with frank microvascular disease and yield prognostic information that enables intensive interventions to be targeted to those at greatest risk. Developing a clearer understanding of any relationship between cardiac function/metabolism and microvascular end points is important both from an aetiological perspective and potentially to develop risk scores to guide clinical management. We thus aimed to 1) investigate the association between biomarkers of cardiac stress and incident microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and 2) investigate the incremental ability of cardiac biomarkers to predict microvascular events.
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