Since the 2004 review there have been no findings that ECT is effective, but significant new findings confirming that the brain damage, in the form of memory dysfunction, is common, persistent and significant, and that it is related to ECT rather than to depression. Few of those exposed to the risks of memory loss, and to the slight but significant risk of death, receive any benefit even in the short-term. There is no evidence at all that the treatment has any benefit for anyone beyond the duration of treatment, or that it prevents suicide. The very short – term benefit gained by a small minority cannot justify the significant risks to which all ECT recipients are exposed.