Advertisers regularly promise their methods are wholly anonymous and therefore benign, yet identification is not always required for discriminatory behavior to occur. In 2013, Latanya Sweeney investigated the placement of online advertisements that implied a given name was associated with a criminal record.27 She found the presence of such ads were not the result of particular names being those of criminals, but appeared based on the racial associations of the name, with African-American names more often resulting in an implication of criminal record. In this way, extant societal injustices may be replicated